META BINA SABILA: Possessive Adjective , Gerund and Infinitive

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives are adjectives or adjective which claimed ownership of an object. The word used is my, your, our, their, his, her, its.

Possessive adjective placed in front of the noun, for example: my book, your friend, our family, their house, his darling, her hair, its tail, etc.

The formula:
S + tobe + possesive Adjective + N

example:
- My book is new.
- I'm sure you do not want to listen to all my problems.
- Your friend is studying now.
-Do not worry. It's not your fault.
- Our family is very friendly.
- You can stay at our house.
- Their house will be sold.
- They washed their faces and went to bed.
- His darling lives in Surabaya.
- Leo took off his coat and sat down.
- Her hair makes everybody interested.
- She looked at her watch.
- I have a cat; its tail is very long.
- Turn the box on its side

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns are pronouns that are used to represent or replace the ownership of people, objects, or animals. Examples of such ownership said: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.

example:
- Look at those cars. Theirs is really ugly; ours is beautiful.
- This new car is mine.
- Mine is newer hotel than yours.
- My hair is very fine. Yours is much thicker.
- The choice was his.
- These are my gloves. Hers are in the drawer.

Pronoun ending in-self / selves

Reflexive Pronoun : Pronouns ending in-self or-selves. Used when subject and object are the same, or if the subject requires a suppressor
• Types:

Singular:

People I: myself (my own)
People II: yourself (your own)
People III: himself (he-man himself
herself (she-women themselves)
itself (this / it-objects / animals themselves)

Plural:

People I: ourselves (we / our own)
People II: yourselves (your own)
People III: Themselves (their own)

reflexive pronoun can function as an object. Objects / people yanag object is present in person / object with the same subject.

example:

1. I think I need to love myself. I don't want to love others more or less than myself. ( Saya rasa saya perlu mencintai diriku sendiri. Aku tidak ingin mencintai orang lain lebih banyak atau lebih kurang dari diriku sendiri.)

2. Why do you blame yourself so easily? That's not good for you. (Mengapa kamu begitu mudah menyalahkan dirimu sendiri? Itu tidak baik untuk dirimu)

3. John is talking to himself. Seemingly it it is not easy for him to make a decision about it. (John berbicara pada dirinya sendiri. Nampak tidaklah mudah baginya untuk membuat suatu keputusan tentang hal itu)

4. Rina saw herself in the mirror. (Rina melihat dirinya sendiri di cermin)

5. The dog hurts itself. (Anjing itu menyebabkan dirinya sendiri terluka)

6. We have to keep ourself healthy. (Kita harus menjaga diri kita sendiri untuk tetap sehat)

7. You talk for yourselves. Don't say you talk on behalf of us. (Kalian berbicara untuk diri kalian sendiri. Jangan katakan kalian berbicara mewakili kami)

8. They ruined themselves by drinking a lot of alcohol. (Mereka merusak diri mereka sendiri dengan minum banyak alkohol)

9. Take care of yourself well. (Jaga dirimu sendiri baik-baik)

10. Don't hurt yourself. Be kind to yourself. (Jangan lukai dirimu sendiri. Berbaik hatilah pada dirimu sendiri)

· Verbs (verbs) and phrases (phrases) are usually followed reflexive pronoun (in this example we use the reflexive pronoun yourself which of course can be replaced with another)

believe in yourself : mempercayai dirimu sendiri

blame yourself : menyalahkan dirimu sendiri

cut yourself : membuat diri kamu sendiri terluka/ teriris

enjoy yourself : membuat diri kamu sendiri senang

feel sorry for yourself : merasa menyesali diri kamu sendiri

help yourself : mengambil sendiri (tidak perlu ijin)

hurt yourself : melukai diri kamu sendiri

give yourself something : memberikan sesuatu pada diri kami sendiri

introduce yourself : memperkenalkan diri kamu sendiri

kill yourself : membuat kamu sendiri celaka/ meninggal

pinch yourself : membuat diri kamu sendiri tercubit

be proud of yourself : bangga terhadap diri kamu sendiri

take care of yourself : menjaga diri kamu sendiri

talk to yourself : berbicara pada diri kamu sendiri

teach yourself : mengajar diri kamu sendiri

tell yourself : berkata/ menyuruh diri kamu sendiri

work for yourself : bekerja untuk diri kamu sendiri

wish yourself luck : mengharapkan diri kamu sendiri mendapatkan keberuntungan

· reflexive pronoun can also be used to give emphasis to the subject. In this sense the reflexive pronoun is placed just after the subject.

1. I myself cooked it. = I cooked it myself. (Saya sendiri -bukan orang lain- yang memasaknya)

2. Have you yourself done it? = Have you done it yourself? (Sudahkah kamu sendiri – bukan orang lain - melakukannya)

3. The President himself gave clarification on that matter.( Presiden sendiri memberikan klarifikasi dalam hal itu.)

4. Usually she herself pick her son up at school. = Usually she pick her son up at school herself. (Biasanya dia sendiri yang menjemput anaknya di sekolah)

5. The exam itself was not difficult. Still the result of mine is not good. (Ujiannya sendiri tidaklah sulit. (Tapi) tetap saja shasil ujian saya tidaklah bagus)

6. Never mind. We ourselves can do it. = Never mind. We can do it ourselves. (Tidak apa-apalah. Kami sendiri dapat mengerjakannya)

7. You yourselves have to introspect. (Kalian sendiri haruslah introspeksi)

8. They themselves were not willing to do it, how could they ask other people? = They were not willing to do it themselves, how could they ask other people? (Mereka sendiri tidak bersedia melakukan itu, bagaimana bisa mereka meminta orang lain?

· By + reflexive pronoun berarti sendirian.

John sat by himself on a bench of the park. = John sat alone on a bench of the park. (John duduk sendirian-tidak ada orang lainnya-di sebuah bangku di taman itu)

She lives by herself. = She lives alone(Dia hidup sendirian-tanpa keluarga atau teman serumah)

A. Definition
Gerund is a noun formed from the addition of the suffix-ing to the verb.

Example :

- buy ---> buying

- read ---> reading

- teach---> teaching

- play ---> playing

- learn ---> learning

B. Use of
1. Subjects
Gerund can function as a subject in a sentence.
example:

- Dancing is my hobby.

(Menari adalah hobi saya.)

- Playing football is my favorite sport.

(Bermain sepak bola adalah olahraga favorit saya.)

2. Objects
Gerund can function as the object of a transitive verb in a sentence.
example:

- I like reading.

(Saya suka membaca.)

- They practice speaking English.

(Mereka mempraktikan berbicara bahas Inggris.)
3. Objects preposition
Gerund can function as an object that is present after a preposition.
example:

- They are thinking of going home late.

(Mereka memikirkan pulang termbat ke rumah.)

- I am tired of waiting.

(Saya lelah menunggu.)

4. Adjective
Gerund can function as an adjective or adjective that describes a noun functioning.

- He doesn't have a driving licence.

(Dia tidak memiliki surat izin mengemudi.)

- She needs a walking stick.

(Dia memerluakan tongkat untuk berjalan.)

5. Prohibition short
Gerund phrase can be used in a short ban.
example:

- No smoking.

(Dilarang merokok.)

- No fishing.

(Dilarang memancing.)

C.STRUCTURE
Sentences which use the gerund form has several variations of composition, namely:

1. Verb + Gerund

pattern :

S + V + Gerund

Example:

- They avoid discussing too much.

- She enjoys talking about the topic.

2. Adjective + Gerund

pattern:

S + To Be + Adjective + Gerund

Example :

- We are busy finishing the school report.

-The book is worth reading

3. Preposition + Gerund

pattern :

S + V + Gerund + to + Gerund

Example:

-They prefer dancing to singing.

-He prefers playing badminton to football.

Pattern:

Preposition + Gerund + S + V

Example :

- Before watching TV, they have to finish their task.

-After reading the letter, he looked very sad.

4 . Prepositional phrase + Gerund

Pattern :

S + V + Preposition + Gerund

Example :

- They keep on discussing about the problem.

- She is thinking of sending a letter of complaint.

5. Object + Gerund

Pattern :

S + V + O + Gerund

Example :

- They don't mind you talking too much.

- She likes her telling the case.

6. Infinitive + Gerund

Pattern :

S + V-inf + Gerund

Example :

- They go fishing with their friends.

- He goes climbing the mountain.

D. Glossary Followed Gerund.
Not all words can be followed by a gerund form. There is a group of words that followed the bare infinitive and some groups of words that followed to the infinitive. Followed by gerund group of words that can be seen in the following list:

Kelompok Kata yang Diikuti Gerund	Arti
admit	mengakui
appreciate	menghargai
avoid	menghindari
be accustomed to	terbiasa dengan
consider	menimbang
be used to	terbiasa dengan
can’t help	tidak dapat tahan untuk tidak
can’t stand	tidak dapat bertahan
complete	melengkapi
delay	menunda
deny	menolak
discuss	mendiskusikan
enjoy	menikmati
finish	menyelesaikan
hate	membenci
keep	terus
like	menyukai
look forward to	menanti
mention	menyebutkan
mind	berkeberatan
object to	berkeberatan dengan
postpone	menunda
practice	mempraktikan
quit	berhenti
regret	menyesal
risk	beresiko
suggest	menyarankan
understand	memahami

understanding Infinitives

Infinitives are the basic forms of the verbs. In English, infinitives writing usually begins with "to". For example: to read, to walk, to give, and so on. Although in general the infinitive preceded by "to", but there are some infinitive without "to", usually referred to as "bare infinitive". Example: "Help me open the window".
Some verbs (verbs) that can be followed by the usual "infinitives" is as follows:

hope to, plan to, advise to, command to, compel to, encourage to, intend to, decide to, promise to, agree to, offer to, refuse to, seem to, appear to, pretend to, ask to, expect to, would like to, want to, need to, forbid to, force to, beg to, instruct to, invite to, order to, etc.

For more details, please pay attention to the use of the infinitive in the formula below.

Subject + Verb + to infinitive

Example sentence:

I want to study English. (Saya ingin belajar bahasa inggris)

He refused to go. (Ia menolak pergi)

I hope to see you again. (Saya berharap bertemu kamu lagi)

The driver was ordered to stop. (Pengemudi itu diperintahkan untuk berhenti)

I expect to pass the test. (Saya berharap lolos tes)

We’re going out for dinner. Would you like to join us?

(Kita akan pergi keluar untuk makan malam. Maukah kamu bergabung dengan kita?)

Jenny offered to lend me a little money.

(Jenny menawarkan meminjamkan sedikit uang kepada saya)

Mrs. Allen promised to come tomorrow.

(Nyonya Allen berjanji untuk datang kemarin)

Lucy pretended to know the answer to my question.

(Lucy berpura-pura mengetahui jawaban dari pertanyaan saya)

Residents are not allowed to bring pets in my apartment.

(Penduduk tidak diijinkan untuk membawa binatang peliharaan di apartemen saya)

NOTE:
The word "intend" is usually followed by infinitives, for example: I intend to go to the meeting. But sometimes the word "intend" could be followed by a gerund, for example: I intend going to the meeting. Both do not have a different meaning (have the same meaning).

Among the verbs in the above there is immediately followed by the infinitive and some are preceded by objects (nouns / pronouns). While some verbs (verbs) that preceded unusual objects (nouns / pronouns) followed by infinitives are as follows:

tell someone to, advise someone to, encourage someone to, remind someone to, invite someone to, permit someone to, allow someone to, warn someone to, require someone to, order someone to, force someone to, ask someone to, expect someone to, would like someone to, want someone to, need someone to, etc.

For more details, please pay attention to the use of the infinitive in the formula below.

Subject + Verb + Object (nouns/ Pronouns) + to infinitive

Example sentence:

I want you to study English, now.

(Saya ingin kamu belajar bahasa inggris, sekarang)

The doctor advised him to stop smoking.

(Dokter menasehatinya untuk berhenti merokok)

The police ordered the driver to stop.

(Polisi memerintahkan pengemudi itu berhenti)

He advised me to buy a new house.

(Dia menganjurkan saya membeli rumah baru)

I expect Marry to pass the test.

(Saya berharap Marry lolos tes)

The teacher reminded the students to do their homework.

(Guru itu mengingatkan siswa-siswa untuk mengerjakan PR nya.)

My boss expects me to finish the work as soon as possible.

(Bos saya mengharapkan saya menyelesaikan pekerjaan sesegera mungkin)

Her wife forces him to buy a new car.

(Istrinya memaksa dia membeli mobil yang baru)

Someone asked me to bring this package.

(Seseorang menyuruh saya membawa paket ini)

My father needs the doctor to examine his condition.

(Ayah saya membutuhkan dokter untuk memeriksa kondisinya)

NOTE:
Keep in mind that this infinitive form of the word can not be plus-s,-es,-ed, or-ing. For more information on infinitives, please read our article about the usage, and Sample Forms of Infinitives.

Adjective¹	The best time to talk with him is at night	to talk dan to ask berfungsi sebagai adjective karena memodifikasi noun time dan way.
	It is the wrong way to ask a question.