Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives are adjectives or
adjective which claimed
ownership of an object. The word
used is my, your, our, their,
his, her, its.
Possessive adjective placed in front of the
noun, for example: my book, your friend, our family,
their house, his
darling, her hair, its tail, etc.
The
formula:
S + tobe + possesive Adjective
+ N
example:
- My book is new.
- I'm sure you do
not want to listen to all my problems.
- Your friend is
studying now.
-Do not worry. It's not your fault.
- Our family is
very friendly.
- You can stay
at our house.
- Their house
will be sold.
- They washed
their faces and
went to bed.
- His darling
lives in Surabaya.
- Leo took
off his coat and
sat down.
- Her hair
makes everybody interested.
- She looked
at her watch.
- I have a cat;
its tail is very
long.
- Turn the box
on its side
Possessive
pronouns
Possessive
pronouns are pronouns that are used to
represent or replace the ownership of people,
objects, or animals.
Examples of such ownership
said: mine, yours, his, hers, ours,
theirs.
example:
- Look at those cars.
Theirs is really ugly;
ours is beautiful.
- This new car
is mine.
- Mine is newer
hotel than yours.
- My hair is very fine. Yours
is much thicker.
- The choice
was his.
- These are my gloves.
Hers are in the
drawer.
Pronoun ending in-self / selves
- Reflexive Pronoun : Pronouns ending in-self or-selves. Used when subject and
object are the same, or if the subject requires a suppressor
• Types:
Singular:
People I: myself (my own)
People II: yourself (your own)
People III: himself (he-man himself
herself (she-women
themselves)
itself (this / it-objects / animals themselves)
Plural:
People I: ourselves (we / our own)
People II: yourselves (your own)
People III: Themselves (their own)
- reflexive pronoun can function as an object. Objects / people yanag object is present in person / object with the same subject.
example:
1. I think I need to love myself. I don't want to love
others more or less than myself. ( Saya rasa saya perlu mencintai diriku
sendiri. Aku tidak ingin mencintai orang lain lebih banyak atau lebih
kurang dari diriku sendiri.)
2. Why do you blame yourself so easily? That's not good for
you. (Mengapa kamu begitu mudah menyalahkan dirimu sendiri? Itu tidak
baik untuk dirimu)
3. John is talking to himself. Seemingly it it is not easy
for him to make a decision about it. (John berbicara pada dirinya sendiri.
Nampak tidaklah mudah baginya untuk membuat suatu keputusan tentang hal itu)
4. Rina saw herself in the mirror. (Rina melihat dirinya
sendiri di cermin)
5. The dog hurts itself. (Anjing itu menyebabkan dirinya
sendiri terluka)
6. We have to keep ourself healthy. (Kita harus menjaga diri
kita sendiri untuk tetap sehat)
7. You talk for yourselves. Don't say you talk on behalf of
us. (Kalian berbicara untuk diri kalian sendiri. Jangan katakan kalian
berbicara mewakili kami)
8. They ruined themselves by drinking a lot of alcohol.
(Mereka merusak diri mereka sendiri dengan minum banyak alkohol)
9. Take care of yourself well. (Jaga dirimu sendiri
baik-baik)
10. Don't hurt yourself. Be kind to yourself. (Jangan
lukai dirimu sendiri. Berbaik hatilah pada dirimu sendiri)
·
Verbs (verbs) and phrases (phrases) are usually followed reflexive pronoun (in this example we use the reflexive pronoun yourself which of course can be replaced with another)
believe in
yourself : mempercayai dirimu sendiri
blame
yourself : menyalahkan dirimu sendiri
cut
yourself : membuat diri kamu sendiri terluka/ teriris
enjoy
yourself : membuat diri kamu sendiri senang
feel sorry
for yourself : merasa menyesali diri kamu sendiri
help
yourself : mengambil sendiri (tidak perlu ijin)
hurt
yourself : melukai diri kamu sendiri
give
yourself something : memberikan sesuatu pada diri kami sendiri
introduce
yourself : memperkenalkan diri kamu sendiri
kill
yourself : membuat kamu sendiri celaka/ meninggal
pinch
yourself : membuat diri kamu sendiri tercubit
be proud
of yourself : bangga terhadap diri kamu sendiri
take care
of yourself : menjaga diri kamu sendiri
talk to
yourself : berbicara pada diri kamu sendiri
teach
yourself : mengajar diri kamu sendiri
tell
yourself : berkata/ menyuruh diri kamu sendiri
work for
yourself : bekerja untuk diri kamu sendiri
wish
yourself luck : mengharapkan diri kamu sendiri mendapatkan keberuntungan
·
reflexive pronoun can also be used to give emphasis to the subject. In this sense the reflexive pronoun is placed just after the subject.
1. I myself cooked it. = I cooked it myself. (Saya
sendiri -bukan orang lain- yang memasaknya)
2. Have you yourself done it? = Have you done it yourself?
(Sudahkah kamu sendiri – bukan orang lain - melakukannya)
3. The President himself gave clarification on that
matter.( Presiden sendiri memberikan klarifikasi dalam hal itu.)
4. Usually she herself pick her son up at school. = Usually she
pick her son up at school herself. (Biasanya dia sendiri yang menjemput
anaknya di sekolah)
5. The exam itself was not difficult. Still the result of
mine is not good. (Ujiannya sendiri tidaklah sulit. (Tapi) tetap saja
shasil ujian saya tidaklah bagus)
6. Never mind. We ourselves can do it. = Never mind. We
can do it ourselves. (Tidak apa-apalah. Kami sendiri dapat
mengerjakannya)
7. You yourselves have to introspect. (Kalian sendiri
haruslah introspeksi)
8. They themselves were not willing to do it, how could they
ask other people? = They were not willing to do it themselves,
how could they ask other people? (Mereka sendiri tidak bersedia melakukan
itu, bagaimana bisa mereka meminta orang lain?
·
By + reflexive
pronoun berarti sendirian.
John sat by himself on a bench of the
park. = John sat alone on a bench of the park. (John duduk
sendirian-tidak ada orang lainnya-di sebuah bangku di taman itu)
She lives by herself. = She lives alone(Dia
hidup sendirian-tanpa keluarga atau teman serumah)
A.
Definition
Gerund is a noun formed from the addition of the suffix-ing to the verb.
Example :
- buy ---> buying
- read ---> reading
- teach---> teaching
- play ---> playing
- learn ---> learning
B. Use of
1. Subjects
Gerund can function
as a
subject in a sentence.
example:
- Dancing is my hobby.
(Menari adalah hobi saya.)
- Playing football is my favorite sport.
(Bermain sepak bola adalah olahraga favorit saya.)
2. Objects
Gerund can function
as the object of a transitive verb in a sentence.
example:
- I like reading.
(Saya suka membaca.)
- They practice speaking English.
(Mereka mempraktikan berbicara bahas Inggris.)
3. Objects preposition
Gerund can function
as an object that is
present after a preposition.
example:
- They are thinking of going home
late.
(Mereka memikirkan pulang termbat ke rumah.)
- I am tired of waiting.
(Saya lelah menunggu.)
4. Adjective
Gerund can function
as an adjective or adjective that describes a noun functioning.
- He doesn't have a driving licence.
(Dia tidak memiliki surat izin mengemudi.)
- She needs a walking stick.
(Dia memerluakan tongkat untuk berjalan.)
5. Prohibition short
Gerund phrase can be used in a short ban.
example:
- No smoking.
(Dilarang merokok.)
- No fishing.
(Dilarang memancing.)
C.STRUCTURE
Sentences which use the gerund form has several variations of composition,
namely:
1.
Verb + Gerund
pattern :
Example:
- They avoid discussing too much.
- She enjoys talking about the
topic.
2.
Adjective + Gerund
pattern:
|
S
+ To Be + Adjective + Gerund
|
Example :
- We are busy finishing the
school report.
-The book is worth reading
3.
Preposition + Gerund
pattern :
|
S
+ V + Gerund + to + Gerund
|
Example:
-They
prefer dancing to singing.
-He
prefers playing badminton to football.
Pattern:
|
Preposition
+ Gerund + S + V
|
Example
:
- Before watching TV, they have to finish
their task.
-After
reading the letter, he looked very sad.
4 . Prepositional phrase + Gerund
Pattern
:
|
S
+ V + Preposition + Gerund
|
Example
:
-
They keep on discussing about the problem.
-
She is thinking of sending a letter of complaint.
5.
Object + Gerund
Pattern :
Example
:
-
They don't mind you talking too much.
-
She likes her telling the case.
6.
Infinitive + Gerund
Pattern :
Example :
-
They go fishing with their friends.
-
He goes climbing the mountain.
D. Glossary Followed Gerund.
Not all words can be
followed by a gerund form. There is a group of words that followed the bare infinitive and some groups of words
that followed to the infinitive. Followed
by gerund group of words that can be seen in the
following list:
|
Kelompok
Kata yang Diikuti Gerund
|
Arti
|
|
admit
|
mengakui
|
|
appreciate
|
menghargai
|
|
avoid
|
menghindari
|
|
be
accustomed to
|
terbiasa
dengan
|
|
consider
|
menimbang
|
|
be
used to
|
terbiasa
dengan
|
|
can’t
help
|
tidak
dapat tahan untuk tidak
|
|
can’t
stand
|
tidak
dapat bertahan
|
|
complete
|
melengkapi
|
|
delay
|
menunda
|
|
deny
|
menolak
|
|
discuss
|
mendiskusikan
|
|
enjoy
|
menikmati
|
|
finish
|
menyelesaikan
|
|
hate
|
membenci
|
|
keep
|
terus
|
|
like
|
menyukai
|
|
look
forward to
|
menanti
|
|
mention
|
menyebutkan
|
|
mind
|
berkeberatan
|
|
object
to
|
berkeberatan
dengan
|
|
postpone
|
menunda
|
|
practice
|
mempraktikan
|
|
quit
|
berhenti
|
|
regret
|
menyesal
|
|
risk
|
beresiko
|
|
suggest
|
menyarankan
|
|
understand
|
memahami
|
understanding Infinitives
Infinitives are the basic forms of the verbs. In English, infinitives writing usually begins
with "to". For example: to read, to walk, to give, and so on. Although in general the infinitive preceded
by "to", but there are some infinitive without "to",
usually referred to as "bare infinitive".
Example: "Help me open the window".
Some verbs (verbs) that can be followed by the usual "infinitives" is as follows:
hope to, plan
to, advise to, command to, compel to, encourage to, intend to, decide to, promise to, agree to, offer to, refuse to, seem to, appear to, pretend to, ask to, expect to, would like to, want to, need to, forbid to, force to, beg to, instruct to, invite to, order to,
etc.
For more details, please pay attention to the use of the infinitive in the formula below.
|
Subject + Verb + to infinitive
|
|
Example sentence:
I want to study
English. (Saya ingin belajar
bahasa inggris)
He refused to go. (Ia menolak pergi)
I hope to see you
again. (Saya berharap bertemu kamu lagi)
The driver was ordered
to stop. (Pengemudi itu diperintahkan untuk berhenti)
I expect to pass
the test. (Saya berharap lolos tes)
We’re going out for
dinner. Would you like to join us?
(Kita akan pergi keluar untuk makan malam. Maukah
kamu bergabung dengan kita?)
Jenny offered to lend
me a little money.
(Jenny menawarkan meminjamkan sedikit uang kepada
saya)
Mrs. Allen promised to
come tomorrow.
(Nyonya Allen berjanji untuk datang kemarin)
Lucy pretended to know
the answer to my question.
(Lucy berpura-pura mengetahui jawaban dari
pertanyaan saya)
Residents are not allowed
to bring pets in my apartment.
(Penduduk tidak diijinkan untuk membawa binatang
peliharaan di apartemen saya)
|
NOTE:
The word "intend" is usually followed by infinitives, for example:
I intend to go to the meeting. But sometimes the word "intend" could be followed by a gerund, for
example: I intend going to the meeting. Both do not have a different meaning (have the same meaning).
Among the verbs in the above there is immediately followed by the infinitive and some are preceded by objects (nouns / pronouns). While some verbs (verbs) that preceded unusual objects (nouns / pronouns) followed by infinitives are as follows:
tell someone to, advise
someone to, encourage someone to, remind someone to, invite someone to, permit
someone to, allow someone to, warn someone to, require someone to, order
someone to, force someone to, ask someone to, expect someone to, would
like someone to, want someone
to, need someone to, etc.
For more details, please pay attention to the use of the infinitive in the formula below.
|
Subject + Verb + Object (nouns/ Pronouns) + to infinitive
|
|
Example sentence:
I want you to study
English, now.
(Saya ingin kamu belajar bahasa inggris, sekarang)
The doctor advised him
to stop smoking.
(Dokter menasehatinya untuk berhenti merokok)
The police ordered the
driver to stop.
(Polisi memerintahkan pengemudi itu berhenti)
He advised me to buy
a new house.
(Dia menganjurkan saya membeli rumah baru)
I expect Marry to pass the test.
(Saya berharap Marry lolos tes)
The teacher reminded
the students to do their homework.
(Guru itu mengingatkan siswa-siswa untuk
mengerjakan PR nya.)
My boss expects me to
finish the work as soon as possible.
(Bos saya mengharapkan saya menyelesaikan
pekerjaan sesegera mungkin)
Her wife forces him to
buy a new car.
(Istrinya memaksa dia membeli mobil yang baru)
Someone asked me to
bring this package.
(Seseorang menyuruh saya membawa paket ini)
My father needs the
doctor to examine his condition.
(Ayah saya membutuhkan dokter untuk memeriksa
kondisinya)
|
NOTE:
Keep in mind
that this infinitive form of the word can not be plus-s,-es,-ed, or-ing. For more information on infinitives, please
read our article about the usage, and Sample Forms of Infinitives.
|
|
The
best time to talk with him is at night
|
to talk
dan to ask berfungsi sebagai adjective karena
memodifikasi noun time dan way.
|
|
It is
the wrong way to ask a question.
|
Sumber :
