META BINA SABILA: PASSIVE VOICE, CAUSATIVE VERB AND RELATIVE PRONOUN

Understanding Passive Voice (Sentences Passive)

Passive Voice (Sentences Passive) is the subject of his sentences are served with a job or suffer a. In other words, the subject of the sentence is the target of the activity expressed by the verb. In Indonesian traits are passive verb phrase beginning with "in-" and several more have the prefix "ter-" (depending on the context of the sentence).

The shape of the Passive Voice (passive voice) is: TO BE / BE + VERB 3
In the passive form of the sentence, usually followed by the phrase "by".

Examples of Passive Voice (Sentences Passive)

ACTIVE: Jane helps Tina. (Meaning: Jane helped Tina)
PASSIVE: Tina is helped by Jane. (Meaning: Tina helped by Jane)

In the passive voice, the Object of the active sentence (Tina) turned into Subject.

Understanding the Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense is the tense used to express an action or activity that takes place / happening at the current time in a simple form, activity or work performed repeatedly, daily habits, events or actions that have nothing to do with time, and to express a general truth.

Simple Present Tense use this type of "TO BE 1" and "VERB 1"
TO BE 1 consisting of: am, is, are (for more information, see the following table)

I	Am
You	Are
They
We
He	Is
She
It

I	Do / Don't
You
They
We
He She It	Does / Doesn't

NOTE:
DO and DOES use the interrogative sentence.
DO NOT (DO NOT) and DOES NOT (DOES NOT) used in negative sentences.
1 TO BE (am, is, are) used as an element of a sentence no verb (NON VERB)

Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Present Tense :

Expressing Simple Present Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Verb 1 + Object
-	Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
?	DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
?	Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?

Example :

+	I speak English everyday She speaks English everyday
-	I don't speak English She doesn't speak English
?	Do you speak English? Jawaban: Yes I do, atau No, I don't Does she speak English? Jawaban: Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t
?	Why do you speak English everyday ?

Expressing Simple Present Tense sentences that do not use the verb (Non VERB)

+	Subject + To be 1 + Non Verb + Object
-	Subject + To be 1 + NOT + Non Verb + Object
?	To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
?	Question Word + To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?

Example :

+	I am a teacher. She is a teacher.
-	I am not a teacher. She is not a teacher.
?	Are you a teacher? Jawaban: Yes I am, atau No, I am not Is she a teacher? Jawaban: Yes She is, atau No, She is not
?	What are you ? Jawaban: I am a teacher Where is your sister ? Jawaban: She is here

Understanding Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense is the tense used to express an action or activity that occurred in the past and the events of the time it has been known.

Simple Past Tense using the type of "TO BE 2" and "VERB 2"
TO BE 2 consists of: was and were (for more information, see the following table)

I	Was
You	Were
They
We
He	Was
She
It

I	Did / Didn't
You
They
We
He She It

NOTE:
DID use the interrogative sentence.
DID NOT (DID) is used in a negative sentence.
TO BE 2 (Was & Were) is used when a sentence no verb element (NON VERB)
VERB 2 is only used in positive sentences only.

Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Past Tense

Expressing Simple Past Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Verb 2 + Object
-	Subject + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object
?	DID + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
?	Question Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ?

Example :

+	He bought* a pair of shoes yesterday.*
-	He didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday.
?	Did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday? Jawaban: Yes He did, atau No, He did not (didn't)
?	Why did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?

In the above example of a positive sentence using the verb bought (2 Verb form of words buy). Only the positive sentence just Verb 2 used.

Simple Past Tense function on verbal sentence :

Usually used to denote a state that has been done in the past the and finished on the spot or to describe an event that occurs at a specific moment in the past the, for example:
She finished my homework in the library yesterday.
They worked with me two months ago.

Expressing Simple Past Tense sentence that does not use the verb (Non VERB):

+	Subject + To be 2 + Non Verb + Object
-	Subject + To be 2 + NOT + Non Verb + Object
?	To be 2 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
?	Question Word + To be 2 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?

Example :

+	I was a singer 5 years ago. We were a singer 5 years ago.
-	I was not a singer 5 years ago. We were not a singer 5 years ago.
?	Were you a singer 5 years ago? Jawaban: Yes I was, atau No, I was not
?	Where were you last night? Jawaban: I was at home. Why was she absent yesterday? Jawaban: She was sick yesterday

Understanding the Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Tense Present Progressive Tense is also called is the present tense used to express an action, state or event that was happening at the time discussed.

NOTE:
On the use of the Present Continuous Tense verb used must end with-ing / (Verb + ing).
Present Continuous Tense form of time using this type of "TO BE 1".

Formulas Example Sentences Present Continuous Tense:

+	Subject + To be 1 + (Verb + ing) + Object
-	Subject + To be 1 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
?	To be 1 + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
?	Question Word + To be 1 + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?

Example :

+	We are studying now.
-	We are not (aren't) studying now.
?	Are you studying now? Jawaban: Yes I am, atau I, am not
?	What are you doing? Jawaban: I am studying now Who is studying English? Jawaban: She is studying English

Time information to Present Continuous Tense is used:
Now, at present, right now, at the morning, this afternoon, this morning, today, nowdays, for the time being and so on.

Understanding Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense or Past Progressive Tense is the tense that is used to indicate that two events occur at the same time, but the incident occurred earlier and was still in progress when the second incident occurred.

NOTE:
On the use of Past Continuous Tense verb used must end with-ing / (Verb + ing). Past Continuous Tense form of time using this type of "TO BE 2" (was / were).

Was to subject: I, she, he, it.
Were on the subject: you, they, we.

Formulas and Examples of Past Continuous Tense:

+	Subject + To be 2 + (Verb + ing) + Object
-	Subject + To be 2 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
?	To be 2 + Subject + (Verb + ing( + Object ?
?	Question Word + To be 2 + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?

Contoh :

+	I was walking down the street when it began to rain. When i was in the park, the sun was shining.
-	It was not raining when i went to the market last night. They were not playing football when you were not at home.
?	Was he studying when I arrived at home? Jawaban: Yes he was, atau he, was not
?	Why were you reading that book? What was she doing with this document when all the staff went home?

Functions Past Continuous Tense

Sometimes Past Continuous Tense is used in two sections in one sentence when the two events in which both occur simultaneously, for example:

While I was studying in one room of our apartment, my roomate was having a party in the other room.
(Meaning: When I was studying in one of the rooms in our apartment, my roommates were partying in the other room.)

In some cases, the Simple Past Tense and Past Continuous Tense almost gives the same meaning, for example:

It rained this morning. (Artinya: tadi pagi hujan)

It was raining this morning. (tadi pagi sedang hujan)

Understanding the Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense is the tense used to express an action, state or event that happened in the past. And at the time of speaking activities / actions have been completed.

Present Perfect Tense using the type of "TO BE 3" and "VERB 3"
TO BE 3 is: been (for more information, see the following table)

I	Been
You
They
We
He
She
It

I	Have
You
They
We
He She It	Has

NOTE:
TO BE 3 (been) used as an element of a sentence no verb (NON VERB).
For all types of sentences, whether positive, negative, or interrogative sentence in the Present Perfect Tense using the VERB 3.

Formulas and Example Sentence Present Perfect Tense :

Expressing the Present Perfect Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Have/Has + Verb 3 + Object
-	Subject + Have/Has + NOT + Verb 3 + Object
?	Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
?	Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?

Example :

+	I have lived here for 2 years.
-	I have not (haven't) lived here for 2 years.
?	Have you lived here for 2 years? Jawaban: Yes, I have, atau No, I have not (haven't)
?	Why Have you lived here for 2 years? Who has killed her father?

Present Perfect Tense expresses sentences that do not use the verb (Non VERB)

+	Subject + Have/Has + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
-	Subject + (Have/Has + NOT) + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
?	Have/Has + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?
?	Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?

Example :

+	She has been here for 4 hours
-	She has not (hasn't) been here for 4 hours
?	Has she been here for 4 hours?
?	Where have you been for the last 4 hours?

Understanding the Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense is the tense that is used to indicate actions or events that began or occurred in the past and continue to take place finishes in the past or the next.

Functions Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense also serve as a replacement if the Simple Past Tense is used to refer to or indicate past events or actions that occur within a specified period.

Past Perfect Tense using the type of "TO BE 3" and "VERB 3"
TO BE 3 is: been (for more information, see the following table)

I	been
You
They
We
He
She
It

I	Had
You
They
We
He She It

NOTE:
TO BE 3 (been) used as an element of a sentence no verb (NON VERB).
For all types of sentences, whether positive, negative, or interrogative sentence in the Present Perfect Tense using the VERB 3.

Formulas and Example Sentence Past Perfect Tense

Expressing Past Perfect Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Had + Verb 3 + Object
-	Subject + Had + NOT + Verb 3 + Object
?	Had + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
?	Question Word + Had + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?

Example :

+	My parents had already eaten by the time I got home.
-	Sam had not left when we got there.
?	When your son was in the junior high school, Had you lived there? Jawaban: Yes I had, atau No, I had not.
?	How long had you watched TV when I called my friend?

Present Perfect Tense expresses sentences that do not use the verb (Non VERB) :

+	Subject + Had + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
-	Subject + (Had + NOT) + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
?	Had + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?
?	Question Word + Had + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?

Example :

+	The sky had been clear after the storm was disappeared.
-	She had not been there when I arrived in my home.
?	Had she been here for 4 hours?
?	How long had you been in Anna’s house?

NOTE:
If using a good description of time "after" or "before" in a sentence, use the Past Perfect Tense is not so necessary if the time is very clear relationship. Simple Past Tense and can be used for the sentence, consider the example sentences below:

Sam had left before we got there (Past Perfect Tense) can be changed to: "Sam left before we got there". (Simple Past Tense)

* The two sentences above have the same meaning.

Causative Verb Definition

Causative verb is a verb that is used to indicate that the subject is not directly responsible for the action that occurred, but someone or something else that is doing the action.
Functions & Formulas Causative Verbs

Causative verb phrase is divided into two kinds, namely active (active) and passive (passive). In active sentences causative verb, an agent who worked on the action are known. causativeSebaliknya, the causative verb passive sentence, the agent is usually not mentioned.
Let, make, have, and get a causative verb in common use, there is an action that uses the bare infinitive verb form (infinitive without to) and some are to the infinitive.

The functions and formulas in general as follows.

Verb	Fungsi	Rumus Active & Passive Causative
Let	let someone do something.	Active: S+let+agent+action verb(bare infinitive)+…
Make	very convincing or forcing someone to do something	Active: S+(make-made)+agent+action verb(bare infinitive)+…
Have	want someone to do something for the subject	Active: S+(have-had)+agent+action verb(bare infinitive)+object
Have	want someone to do something for the subject	Passive: S+(have-had)+object+action verb(V-3)
Get	have similar but with different sentence structure	Active: S+(get-got)+agent+action verb(to infinitive)+…
Get	have similar but with different sentence structure	Passive: S+(got)+object+action verb(V-3)

Examples of Causative Verbs: Active and Passive

Some examples of causative verbs in the active and passive structure is as follows.

Rumus	Verbs	Contoh Causative Verbs
Active Causative Verbs	have-had	Lala had her friend take her result test.
		The student had the teacher speak slowly.
	get-got	She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.
		The boy got his cat to chase a mouse.
	make-made	The woman made her daughter eat up the tomatoes.
		The manager makes her staff work hard.
	let	My father lets me choose my own future carrier.
		The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the meadow.
Passive Causative Verbs	have-had	I had my house renovated last week.
		He had his book returned as soon as possible.
	get-got	Teddy got the money saved in the bank.
		Yulia got her bedroom cleaned.

Relative Pronoun

Definition of Relative Pronoun

Relative Pronoun is a pronoun to form a noun that describes the relative clause in the main clause of a complex sentence . In the relative clause , the relative pronoun can function as subject , object , or possessive pronoun is where the there is no difference in the number ( singular or plural ) and gender ( male or female) . These pronouns include : who , Whom , Whose , roomates, and that indefinite pronoun and the suffix - ever , namely : whoever , whomever , and whichever .

Formulas Relative Clause and Complex Sentence

The relative pronoun is part of a relative clause that can not stand alone, but are in the complex sentence ( complex sentence ) . While complex sentence is a combination of the independent clause ( complete sentence ) and the subordinate clause ( relative clause ) . For more details picture , can be seen in the following formula .
Relative clause = Relative Pronoun + / - Subject + Verb
Complex Sentence = Independent Clause + Relative Clause
example :

    = Relative pronoun that
    Relative clause = that I bought last week
    Complex Sentence = It is the bicycle that I bought last week

Relative Pronoun	Keterangan	Contoh Kalimat Relative Pronoun	Keterangan
who (siapa) whoever (siapapun)	The relative pronoun serves to connect the noun form of the (subject / object of the sentence) with the verb in the adjective clause. In the adjective clause, the relative pronoun serves as the subject or object.	The boy who is playing football on the yard is my neighbour. (Anak yang sedang bermain sepakbola di lapangan adalah tetanggaku.)	Who is the subject of the verb = is playing and introduce a clause adjective that describes the subject = the boy.
who (siapa) whoever (siapapun)		I looked for the man who borrowed me money. (Saya mencari pria yang meminjami saya uang.)	Who is the subject of the verb = Borrowed and introduce clauses that describe the man.
which (yang mana) whichever (yang manapun)	Serves to connect the noun objects, animals, or sometimes people (subject / object of the sentence) with the adjective clause. Which is more specific than what. In the adjective clause, the relative pronoun refers to the subject or object.	The table which was made of oak wood has broken. (Meja yang dibuat dari kayu oak sudah patah.)	Which is the subject of the verb = was made and introduced a clause adjective that describes the subject = the table.
which (yang mana) whichever (yang manapun)		He always eats bread whichever he likes. (Dia selalu makan rotu yang manapun dia suka.)	Whichever is the object of the verb = likes and introduce clauses that describe the direct object = bread.
whose (punya / milik siapa)	The relative pronoun is used to declare ownership of the object or person described in clause his part.	The woman whose car I want to buy is my old friend. (Wanita yang mobilnya saya ingin beli adalah teman lama saya.)	-
whom (dengan / untuk / kepada siapa) whomever (dengan / untuk / kepada siapapun)	Whom is the more formal form of who. Whom is often preceded by a preposition (functioning as object of the preposition). The relative pronoun functions as the object on adjective clause .	She is the woman to whom you should ask. (Dia wanita yang seharusnya kamu tanyai.)	Whom is the object of the preposition "to" and refers to the adjective clause that explains the woman.
		The team whom you were watching has won three gold medals. (Tim yang kamu tonton telah memenangkan tiga medali emas.)	Whom is the object of the verb = were watching as well as introduce clauses that describe the subject = the team
that	The relative pronoun as a noun serves to connect objects or sometimes people (subject / object of the sentence) with the adjective clause adjective clause.Di, the relative pronoun refers to the subject or object. That clause is used in defining (restrictive). That tends to be informal (compared to WHO and roomates)	Cats that live in the wild may have a better immune system. (Kucing-kucing yang hidup di alam liar mungkin punya sistem imun yang lebih baik.)	That is the subject of the verb = live and introduce an adjective clause that describes the subject = cats.
that		The laptop that I bought five years ago is still work properly. (Laptop yang saya beli lima tahun lalu masih bekerja dengan baik.)	That is the object of the verb = bought and introduced a clause which explains the subject = laptop.