Understanding Passive Voice
(Sentences Passive)
Passive Voice (Sentences
Passive) is the
subject of his sentences
are served with a job or suffer a. In other
words, the subject of the
sentence is the target of the
activity expressed by the verb. In Indonesian
traits are passive
verb phrase beginning
with "in-"
and several more
have the prefix "ter-" (depending on
the context of the sentence).
The
shape of
the Passive Voice (passive voice) is: TO
BE / BE + VERB 3
In the passive form
of the sentence, usually followed by the phrase
"by".
Examples of Passive Voice (Sentences Passive)
ACTIVE: Jane helps
Tina. (Meaning: Jane
helped Tina)
PASSIVE: Tina is helped
by Jane. (Meaning:
Tina helped by
Jane)
In the passive voice, the Object of the
active sentence (Tina) turned into Subject.
- Understanding the Simple Present Tense
Simple Present Tense is the tense used to express an action or activity
that takes place / happening at
the current time in a simple
form, activity or work performed repeatedly,
daily habits, events or actions that
have nothing to do with time, and to
express a general truth.
Simple Present Tense use this type
of "TO BE 1" and "VERB
1"
TO BE 1
consisting of: am, is, are
(for more information, see the following table)
|
I
|
Am
|
|
You
|
Are
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
|
Is
|
|
She
|
|
It
|
|
I
|
Do / Don't
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
She
It
|
Does / Doesn't
|
|
|
NOTE:
DO and DOES
use the interrogative
sentence.
DO NOT (DO NOT)
and DOES NOT (DOES
NOT) used in
negative sentences.
1 TO BE (am, is, are) used as an element of a sentence no
verb (NON VERB)
Formulas and Example
Sentence Simple Present Tense :
Expressing Simple Present Tense sentence that uses the verb
(VERB)
|
+
|
Subject + Verb 1 + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject
+ DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
|
|
?
|
DO /
DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
|
|
?
|
Question
Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?
|
Example
:
|
+
|
I speak English everyday
She speaks English everyday
|
|
-
|
I
don't speak English
She
doesn't speak English
|
|
?
|
Do
you speak English?
Jawaban:
Yes I do, atau No, I don't
Does
she speak English?
Jawaban:
Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t
|
|
?
|
Why
do you speak English everyday ?
|
Expressing Simple Present Tense sentences
that do not use
the verb (Non VERB)
|
+
|
Subject + To be 1 + Non Verb + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject
+ To be 1 + NOT + Non Verb + Object
|
|
?
|
To be
1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
|
|
?
|
Question
Word + To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
|
Example
:
|
+
|
I am a teacher.
She is a teacher.
|
|
-
|
I am
not a teacher.
She
is not a teacher.
|
|
?
|
Are
you a teacher?
Jawaban:
Yes I am, atau No, I am not
Is
she a teacher?
Jawaban:
Yes She is, atau No, She is not
|
|
?
|
What
are you ?
Jawaban:
I am a teacher
Where
is your sister ?
Jawaban:
She is here
|
- Understanding Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense is the tense used to express an action or activity
that occurred in the past
and the events of the time it
has been known.
Simple Past Tense using the type of "TO BE
2" and "VERB
2"
TO BE 2
consists of: was and were (for
more information, see the following
table)
|
I
|
Was
|
|
You
|
Were
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
|
Was
|
|
She
|
|
It
|
|
I
|
Did / Didn't
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
She
It
|
NOTE:
DID use the
interrogative sentence.
DID NOT (DID) is
used in a negative sentence.
TO BE 2 (Was & Were)
is used when a
sentence no verb
element (NON VERB)
VERB 2 is only
used in positive
sentences only.
Formulas and Example Sentence Simple
Past Tense
Expressing Simple Past Tense sentence that uses the verb
(VERB)
|
+
|
Subject + Verb 2 + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object
|
|
?
|
DID + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
|
|
?
|
Question Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ?
|
Example :
|
+
|
He bought a pair of
shoes yesterday.
|
|
-
|
He didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday.
|
|
?
|
Did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?
Jawaban: Yes He did, atau No, He did not (didn't)
|
|
?
|
Why did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In the above example of
a positive sentence using the verb bought
(2 Verb form
of words buy).
Only the positive
sentence just Verb 2 used.
Simple Past Tense function
on verbal sentence :
Usually used to denote a state that has been done
in the past the and finished on the spot or
to describe an
event that occurs at a specific
moment in the past the, for
example:
She finished my homework in the library yesterday.
They worked with me two months ago.
Expressing Simple Past Tense sentence that does not use the
verb (Non VERB):
|
+
|
Subject + To be 2 + Non
Verb + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject + To be 2 + NOT + Non Verb + Object
|
|
?
|
To be 2 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
|
|
?
|
Question Word + To be 2 + Subject + Non Verb +
Object?
|
Example :
|
+
|
I was a singer 5 years
ago.
We were a singer 5 years
ago.
|
|
-
|
I was not a singer 5 years ago.
We were not a singer 5 years ago.
|
|
?
|
Were you a singer 5 years ago?
Jawaban: Yes I was, atau No, I was not
|
|
?
|
Where were you last night?
Jawaban: I was at home.
Why was she absent yesterday?
Jawaban: She was sick yesterday
|
- Understanding the Present Continuous
Tense
Present Continuous Tense Present Progressive Tense is also called
is the present tense used to express an action, state or event
that was happening at the time discussed.
NOTE:
On the use of the Present Continuous Tense verb used must end with-ing / (Verb
+ ing).
Present Continuous Tense form of time using
this type of "TO BE
1".
Formulas Example Sentences Present Continuous Tense:
|
+
|
Subject + To be 1 + (Verb + ing) + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject + To be 1 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
|
|
?
|
To be 1 + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
|
|
?
|
Question Word + To be 1 + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
|
Example :
|
+
|
We are
studying now.
|
|
-
|
We are
not (aren't) studying now.
|
|
?
|
Are you studying now?
Jawaban: Yes I am, atau I, am
not
|
|
?
|
What are you doing?
Jawaban: I am studying now
Who is studying English?
Jawaban: She is studying
English
|
Time information to
Present Continuous Tense is used:
Now, at present, right now, at the morning, this afternoon, this morning,
today, nowdays, for the time being and so on.
- Understanding Past Continuous
Tense
Past Continuous Tense or Past Progressive
Tense is the tense that is used to indicate that
two events occur
at the same time, but the incident occurred
earlier and was
still in progress when
the second incident occurred.
NOTE:
On the use of Past Continuous Tense verb used must end with-ing / (Verb
+ ing). Past
Continuous Tense form of time using this type of "TO BE 2"
(was / were).
Was to subject:
I, she, he,
it.
Were on the
subject: you, they, we.
Formulas and Examples of Past Continuous
Tense:
|
+
|
Subject + To be 2 + (Verb
+ ing) + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject + To be 2 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
|
|
?
|
To be 2 + Subject + (Verb + ing( + Object ?
|
|
?
|
Question Word + To be 2 + Subject + (Verb +
ing) + Object ?
|
Contoh :
|
+
|
I was walking down the
street when it began to rain.
When i was in the park,
the sun was shining.
|
|
-
|
It was not raining when i went to the market last
night.
They were not playing football when you were not at
home.
|
|
?
|
Was he studying when I arrived at home?
Jawaban: Yes he was, atau he, was not
|
|
?
|
Why were you reading that book?
What was she doing with this document when all the
staff went home?
|
Functions Past Continuous
Tense
Sometimes Past Continuous
Tense is used in two sections in one
sentence when the two events in which
both occur simultaneously, for example:
While I was studying
in one room of our apartment,
my roomate was
having a party in
the other room.
(Meaning: When I was
studying in one of the rooms
in our apartment,
my roommates were
partying in the other
room.)
In some cases,
the Simple Past Tense and Past Continuous
Tense almost gives the same meaning, for
example:
It rained
this morning. (Artinya: tadi pagi
hujan)
It was raining
this morning. (tadi pagi sedang
hujan)
- Understanding the Present Perfect
Tense
Present Perfect Tense is the tense used
to express an action, state
or event that happened in the past.
And at the time of speaking activities / actions have
been completed.
Present Perfect Tense using the type of "TO
BE 3" and
"VERB 3"
TO BE 3
is: been (for
more information, see the following
table)
|
I
|
Been
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
|
|
She
|
|
It
|
|
I
|
Have
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
She
It
|
Has
|
NOTE:
TO BE 3 (been) used as an element of a sentence no verb
(NON VERB).
For all types of sentences, whether positive, negative, or
interrogative sentence in the Present Perfect Tense using the VERB 3.
Formulas and Example Sentence Present Perfect Tense
:
Expressing the Present Perfect Tense sentence that uses
the verb (VERB)
|
+
|
Subject + Have/Has + Verb
3 + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject + Have/Has + NOT +
Verb 3 + Object
|
|
?
|
Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
|
|
?
|
Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
|
Example :
|
+
|
I have lived here for 2
years.
|
|
-
|
I have not (haven't) lived
here for 2 years.
|
|
?
|
Have you lived here for 2 years?
Jawaban: Yes, I have, atau No, I have not (haven't)
|
|
?
|
Why Have you lived here for 2 years?
Who has killed her father?
|
Present Perfect Tense expresses sentences that do not use the verb (Non VERB)
|
+
|
Subject + Have/Has + To be
3 + Non Verb + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject + (Have/Has + NOT)
+ To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
|
|
?
|
Have/Has + Subject + To be
3 + Non Verb + Object?
|
|
?
|
Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?
|
Example :
|
+
|
She has been here for 4
hours
|
|
-
|
She has not (hasn't) been
here for 4 hours
|
|
?
|
Has she been here for 4 hours?
|
|
?
|
Where have you been for the last 4 hours?
|
- Understanding the Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense is the tense that is used to indicate actions or events that
began or occurred in the past and continue to take
place finishes in the past or the next.
Functions Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense also serve as
a replacement if the Simple Past Tense is used
to refer to or indicate past events or actions
that occur within
a specified period.
Past Perfect Tense using the type
of "TO BE 3" and "VERB
3"
TO BE 3 is: been (for more information, see the following table)
|
I
|
been
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
|
|
She
|
|
It
|
|
I
|
Had
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
She
It
|
NOTE:
TO BE 3 (been) used as an element of a sentence no verb (NON VERB).
For all types of sentences, whether
positive, negative, or interrogative sentence in the Present Perfect Tense using the VERB 3.
Formulas and Example Sentence Past
Perfect Tense
Expressing Past
Perfect Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)
|
+
|
Subject + Had + Verb 3 + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject + Had + NOT + Verb 3 + Object
|
|
?
|
Had +
Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
|
|
?
|
Question
Word + Had +
Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
|
Example :
|
+
|
My parents had already
eaten by the time I got home.
|
|
-
|
Sam had not left when we
got there.
|
|
?
|
When your son was in the junior high school, Had you
lived there?
Jawaban:
Yes I had, atau No, I had not.
|
|
?
|
How long had you watched TV when I called my friend?
|
Present Perfect Tense expresses sentences that do not use the verb (Non VERB)
:
|
+
|
Subject + Had + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
|
|
-
|
Subject + (Had + NOT) + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
|
|
?
|
Had + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?
|
|
?
|
Question
Word + Had + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?
|
Example
:
|
+
|
The sky had been clear
after the storm was disappeared.
|
|
-
|
She had not been there when I arrived
in my home.
|
|
?
|
Had she
been here for 4 hours?
|
|
?
|
How long had you been in Anna’s house?
|
NOTE:
If using a good description of time "after" or "before"
in a sentence, use the Past
Perfect Tense is not so necessary if the time is very clear relationship.
Simple Past Tense and can be used for the sentence, consider the example sentences below:
Sam had left before we got there (Past
Perfect Tense) can be changed to: "Sam left before we got there". (Simple Past Tense)
* The two sentences above have the same meaning.
Causative Verb Definition
Causative verb is
a verb that is used to indicate that the
subject is not directly
responsible for the action that
occurred, but someone or something else that
is doing the action.
Functions & Formulas
Causative Verbs
Causative verb
phrase is divided into two kinds, namely active (active)
and passive (passive).
In active sentences
causative verb, an
agent who worked on the action
are known. causativeSebaliknya, the causative verb
passive sentence, the agent is usually not
mentioned.
Let, make,
have, and get
a causative verb
in common use, there is an action that uses
the bare infinitive verb form (infinitive
without to) and
some are to the infinitive.
The functions and formulas in general as
follows.
|
Verb
|
Fungsi
|
Rumus
Active & Passive Causative
|
|
Let
|
let someone do something.
|
Active:
S+let+agent+action verb(bare infinitive)+…
|
|
Make
|
very convincing or forcing someone to do something
|
Active:
S+(make-made)+agent+action verb(bare infinitive)+…
|
|
Have
|
want someone to do something for the subject
|
Active:
S+(have-had)+agent+action verb(bare infinitive)+object
|
|
Passive:
S+(have-had)+object+action verb(V-3)
|
|
Get
|
have similar but with different sentence structure
|
Active:
S+(get-got)+agent+action verb(to infinitive)+…
|
|
Passive:
S+(got)+object+action verb(V-3)
|
Examples
of Causative Verbs: Active and
Passive
Some examples of causative
verbs in the active
and passive structure
is as follows.
|
Rumus
|
Verbs
|
Contoh
Causative Verbs
|
|
Active Causative Verbs
|
have-had
|
Lala had her friend take
her result test.
|
|
The student had the
teacher speak slowly.
|
|
get-got
|
She got her parents to
buy her a tennis racket.
|
|
The boy got his cat to
chase a mouse.
|
|
make-made
|
The woman made her daughter
eat up the tomatoes.
|
|
The manager makes her staff
work hard.
|
|
let
|
My father lets me choose
my own future carrier.
|
|
The shepherd lets his sheep
graze in the meadow.
|
|
Passive Causative Verbs
|
have-had
|
I had my house renovated
last week.
|
|
He had his book returned
as soon as possible.
|
|
get-got
|
Teddy got the
money saved in the bank.
|
|
Yulia got her bedroom cleaned.
|
Relative Pronoun
Definition of
Relative Pronoun
Relative Pronoun is a pronoun to form a noun that describes the relative clause
in the main clause of a complex sentence . In the relative clause , the
relative pronoun can function as subject , object , or possessive pronoun is
where the there is no difference in the number ( singular or plural ) and
gender ( male or female) . These pronouns include : who , Whom , Whose ,
roomates, and that indefinite pronoun and the suffix - ever , namely : whoever
, whomever , and whichever .
Formulas Relative Clause and Complex Sentence
The relative pronoun is part of a relative clause that can not stand alone, but
are in the complex sentence ( complex sentence ) . While complex sentence is a
combination of the independent clause ( complete sentence ) and the subordinate
clause ( relative clause ) . For more details picture , can be seen in the
following formula .
Relative clause = Relative Pronoun + / - Subject + Verb
Complex Sentence = Independent Clause + Relative Clause
example :
= Relative pronoun that
Relative clause = that I bought last week
Complex Sentence = It is the bicycle that I bought last
week
|
Relative
Pronoun
|
Keterangan
|
Contoh
Kalimat Relative Pronoun
|
Keterangan
|
|
who
(siapa)
whoever
(siapapun)
|
The relative pronoun serves to connect the noun form of the (subject
/ object of the
sentence) with the verb in the adjective clause.
In the adjective
clause, the relative pronoun serves as the subject
or object.
|
The boy who
is playing football on the yard is my neighbour.
(Anak yang sedang bermain sepakbola di lapangan adalah tetanggaku.)
|
Who is the subject of
the verb = is playing and
introduce a clause adjective that describes the subject = the
boy.
|
|
I looked for the man who
borrowed me money.
(Saya mencari pria yang meminjami saya uang.)
|
Who is the subject of the verb = Borrowed and introduce
clauses that describe the man.
|
which
(yang mana)
whichever
(yang manapun)
|
Serves to
connect the noun objects, animals,
or sometimes people (subject / object of
the sentence) with the adjective clause. Which
is more specific than what. In the adjective clause,
the relative pronoun refers to the subject or object.
|
The table which
was made of oak wood has broken.
(Meja yang dibuat dari kayu oak sudah patah.)
|
Which is the subject of
the verb = was made and introduced
a clause adjective that describes the subject = the table.
|
|
He always
eats bread whichever he likes.
(Dia selalu makan rotu yang manapun dia suka.)
|
Whichever is the object of the verb = likes and introduce
clauses that describe the direct object =
bread.
|
|
whose
(punya
/ milik siapa)
|
The relative pronoun is used to declare ownership
of the object or
person described in clause his part.
|
The woman whose
car I want to buy is my old friend.
(Wanita yang mobilnya saya ingin beli adalah teman lama saya.)
|
-
|
|
whom
(dengan
/ untuk
/ kepada siapa)
whomever
(dengan
/ untuk
/ kepada
siapapun)
|
Whom is the more formal form of who. Whom is often preceded by a
preposition (functioning as object of the preposition). The relative pronoun
functions as the object on adjective clause
.
|
She is the
woman to whom you should ask.
(Dia wanita yang seharusnya kamu tanyai.)
|
Whom is the object of the
preposition "to" and
refers to the adjective clause that explains
the woman.
|
|
The
team whom you were watching has won three gold
medals.
(Tim yang kamu tonton telah memenangkan tiga medali emas.)
|
Whom is the object of the verb
= were watching
as well as introduce clauses that describe the subject = the
team
|
|
|
The relative pronoun as a noun serves to
connect objects or sometimes people (subject / object of the sentence) with
the adjective clause adjective clause.Di, the relative pronoun refers to the
subject or object. That clause is used in defining (restrictive). That tends to be
informal (compared to WHO and roomates)
|
Cats that
live in the wild may have a better immune system.
(Kucing-kucing yang hidup di alam liar mungkin punya sistem imun yang lebih
baik.)
|
That is the
subject of the verb = live and introduce an adjective clause that describes
the subject = cats.
|
|
The laptop that
I bought five years ago is still work properly.
(Laptop yang saya beli lima tahun lalu masih bekerja dengan baik.)
|
That is the object of the verb = bought and introduced
a clause which explains the subject =
laptop.
|
Sumber:
